Hybrid Search with RRF ↗

chroma guide intermediate embeddings ide search

Summary: Learn how to combine multiple ranking strategies using Reciprocal Rank Fusion (RRF). RRF is ideal for hybrid search scenarios where you want to merge results from different ranking methods (e.g., dense and sparse embeddings).

Original Documentation

Documentation Index#
Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.trychroma.com/llms.txt Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

Learn how to combine multiple ranking strategies using Reciprocal Rank Fusion (RRF). RRF is ideal for hybrid search scenarios where you want to merge results from different ranking methods (e.g., dense and sparse embeddings).

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Prerequisites: To use hybrid search with sparse embeddings, you must first configure a sparse vector index in your collection schema. See Sparse Vector Search Setup for configuration instructions.

Understanding RRF#

Reciprocal Rank Fusion combines multiple rankings by using rank positions rather than raw scores. This makes it effective for merging rankings with different score scales.

RRF Formula#

RRF combines rankings using the formula:

$$ \text{score} = -\sum_{i} \frac{w_i}{k + r_i} $$

Where:

$w_i$ = weight for ranking i (default: 1.0)
$r_i$ = rank position from ranking i (0, 1, 2, …)
$k$ = smoothing parameter (default: 60)

The score is negative because Chroma uses ascending order (lower scores = better matches).

Important: The legacy query API outputs distances, whereas RRF uses scores

# Example: How RRF calculates scores
# Document A: rank 0 in first Knn, rank 2 in second Knn
# Document B: rank 1 in first Knn, rank 0 in second Knn

# With equal weights (1.0, 1.0) and k=60:
# Document A score = -(1.0/(60+0) + 1.0/(60+2)) = -(0.0167 + 0.0161) = -0.0328
# Document B score = -(1.0/(60+1) + 1.0/(60+0)) = -(0.0164 + 0.0167) = -0.0331
# Document A ranks higher (smaller negative score)

// Example: How RRF calculates scores
// Document A: rank 0 in first Knn, rank 2 in second Knn
// Document B: rank 1 in first Knn, rank 0 in second Knn

// With equal weights (1.0, 1.0) and k=60:
// Document A score = -(1.0/(60+0) + 1.0/(60+2)) = -(0.0167 + 0.0161) = -0.0328
// Document B score = -(1.0/(60+1) + 1.0/(60+0)) = -(0.0164 + 0.0167) = -0.0331
// Document A ranks higher (smaller negative score)

Rrf Parameters#

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
`ranks`	List[Rank]	Required	List of ranking expressions (must have `return_rank=True`)
`k`	int	`60`	Smoothing parameter - higher values reduce emphasis on top ranks
`weights`	List[float] or None	`None`	Weights for each ranking (defaults to 1.0 for each)
`normalize`	bool	`False`	If `True`, normalize weights to sum to 1.0

RRF vs Linear Combination#

Approach	Use Case	Pros	Cons
RRF	Different score scales (e.g., dense + sparse)	Scale-agnostic, robust to outliers	Requires `return_rank=True`
Linear Combination	Same score scales	Simple, preserves distances	Sensitive to scale differences

# RRF - works well with different scales
rrf = Rrf([
    Knn(query="machine learning", return_rank=True),      # Dense embeddings
    Knn(query="machine learning", key="sparse_embedding", return_rank=True)  # Sparse embeddings
])

# Linear combination - better when scales are similar
linear = Knn(query="machine learning") * 0.7 + Knn(query="deep learning") * 0.3

// RRF - works well with different scales
const rrf = Rrf({
  ranks: [
    Knn({ query: "machine learning", returnRank: true }),      // Dense embeddings
    Knn({ query: "machine learning", key: "sparse_embedding", returnRank: true })  // Sparse embeddings
  ]
});

// Linear combination - better when scales are similar
const linear = Knn({ query: "machine learning" }).multiply(0.7)
  .add(Knn({ query: "deep learning" }).multiply(0.3));

use chroma::types::{rrf, Key, QueryVector, RankExpr};

let dense = RankExpr::Knn {
    query: QueryVector::Dense(vec![0.1, 0.2, 0.3]),
    key: Key::Embedding,
    limit: 100,
    default: None,
    return_rank: true,
};
let sparse = RankExpr::Knn {
    query: QueryVector::Dense(vec![0.1, 0.2, 0.3]),
    key: Key::field("sparse_embedding"),
    limit: 100,
    default: None,
    return_rank: true,
};

let rrf_rank = rrf(vec![dense, sparse], Some(60), None, false)?;

The return_rank Requirement#

RRF requires rank positions (0, 1, 2…) not distance scores. Always set return_rank=True on all Knn expressions used in RRF.

# CORRECT - returns rank positions
rrf = Rrf([
    Knn(query="artificial intelligence", return_rank=True),  # Returns: 0, 1, 2, 3...
    Knn(query="artificial intelligence", key="sparse_embedding", return_rank=True)
])

# INCORRECT - returns distances
rrf = Rrf([
    Knn(query="artificial intelligence"),  # Returns: 0.23, 0.45, 0.67... (distances)
    Knn(query="artificial intelligence", key="sparse_embedding")
])
# This will produce incorrect results!

// CORRECT - returns rank positions
const rrf1 = Rrf({
  ranks: [
    Knn({ query: "artificial intelligence", returnRank: true }),  // Returns: 0, 1, 2, 3...
    Knn({ query: "artificial intelligence", key: "sparse_embedding", returnRank: true })
  ]
});

// INCORRECT - returns distances
const rrf2 = Rrf({
  ranks: [
    Knn({ query: "artificial intelligence" }),  // Returns: 0.23, 0.45, 0.67... (distances)
    Knn({ query: "artificial intelligence", key: "sparse_embedding" })
  ]
});
// This will produce incorrect results!

Weight Configuration#

# Equal weights (default) - each ranking equally important
rrf = Rrf([
    Knn(query="neural networks", return_rank=True),
    Knn(query="neural networks", key="sparse_embedding", return_rank=True)
])  # Implicit weights: [1.0, 1.0]

# Custom weights - adjust relative importance
rrf = Rrf(
    ranks=[
        Knn(query="neural networks", return_rank=True),
        Knn(query="neural networks", key="sparse_embedding", return_rank=True)
    ],
    weights=[3.0, 1.0]  # Dense 3x more important than sparse
)

# Normalized weights - ensures weights sum to 1.0
rrf = Rrf(
    ranks=[
        Knn(query="neural networks", return_rank=True),
        Knn(query="neural networks", key="sparse_embedding", return_rank=True)
    ],
    weights=[75, 25],     # Will be normalized to [0.75, 0.25]
    normalize=True
)

// Equal weights (default) - each ranking equally important
const rrf1 = Rrf({
  ranks: [
    Knn({ query: "neural networks", returnRank: true }),
    Knn({ query: "neural networks", key: "sparse_embedding", returnRank: true })
  ]
});  // Implicit weights: [1.0, 1.0]

// Custom weights - adjust relative importance
const rrf2 = Rrf({
  ranks: [
    Knn({ query: "neural networks", returnRank: true }),
    Knn({ query: "neural networks", key: "sparse_embedding", returnRank: true })
  ],
  weights: [3.0, 1.0]  // Dense 3x more important than sparse
});

// Normalized weights - ensures weights sum to 1.0
const rrf3 = Rrf({
  ranks: [
    Knn({ query: "neural networks", returnRank: true }),
    Knn({ query: "neural networks", key: "sparse_embedding", returnRank: true })
  ],
  weights: [75, 25],     // Will be normalized to [0.75, 0.25]
  normalize: true
});

The k Parameter#

The k parameter controls how much emphasis is placed on top-ranked results:

Small k (e.g., 10): Heavy emphasis on top ranks
Default k (60): Balanced emphasis (standard in literature)

Large k (e.g., 100+): More uniform weighting across ranks

# Small k - top results heavily weighted
rrf = Rrf(ranks=[...], k=10)
# Rank 0 gets weight/(10+0) = weight/10
# Rank 10 gets weight/(10+10) = weight/20 (half as important)

# Default k - balanced
rrf = Rrf(ranks=[...], k=60)
# Rank 0 gets weight/(60+0) = weight/60
# Rank 10 gets weight/(60+10) = weight/70 (still significant)

# Large k - more uniform
rrf = Rrf(ranks=[...], k=200)
# Rank 0 gets weight/(200+0) = weight/200
# Rank 10 gets weight/(200+10) = weight/210 (almost equal importance)

// Small k - top results heavily weighted
const rrf1 = Rrf({ ranks: [...], k: 10 });
// Rank 0 gets weight/(10+0) = weight/10
// Rank 10 gets weight/(10+10) = weight/20 (half as important)

// Default k - balanced
const rrf2 = Rrf({ ranks: [...], k: 60 });
// Rank 0 gets weight/(60+0) = weight/60
// Rank 10 gets weight/(60+10) = weight/70 (still significant)

// Large k - more uniform
const rrf3 = Rrf({ ranks: [...], k: 200 });
// Rank 0 gets weight/(200+0) = weight/200
// Rank 10 gets weight/(200+10) = weight/210 (almost equal importance)

Common Use Case: Dense + Sparse#

The most common RRF use case is combining dense semantic embeddings with sparse keyword embeddings.

from chromadb import Search, K, Knn, Rrf

# Dense semantic embeddings
dense_rank = Knn(
    query="machine learning research",  # Text query for dense embeddings
    key="#embedding",          # Default embedding field
    return_rank=True,
    limit=200                  # Consider top 200 candidates
)

# Sparse keyword embeddings
sparse_rank = Knn(
    query="machine learning research",  # Text query for sparse embeddings
    key="sparse_embedding",    # Metadata field for sparse vectors
    return_rank=True,
    limit=200
)

# Combine with RRF
hybrid_rank = Rrf(
    ranks=[dense_rank, sparse_rank],
    weights=[0.7, 0.3],       # 70% semantic, 30% keyword
    k=60
)

# Use in search
search = (Search()
    .where(K("status") == "published")  # Optional filtering
    .rank(hybrid_rank)
    .limit(20)
    .select(K.DOCUMENT, K.SCORE, "title")
)

results = collection.search(search)

import { Search, K, Knn, Rrf } from 'chromadb';

// Dense semantic embeddings
const denseRank = Knn({
  query: "machine learning research",  // Text query for dense embeddings
  key: "#embedding",         // Default embedding field
  returnRank: true,
  limit: 200                 // Consider top 200 candidates
});

// Sparse keyword embeddings
const sparseRank = Knn({
  query: "machine learning research",  // Text query for sparse embeddings
  key: "sparse_embedding",   // Metadata field for sparse vectors
  returnRank: true,
  limit: 200
});

// Combine with RRF
const hybridRank = Rrf({
  ranks: [denseRank, sparseRank],
  weights: [0.7, 0.3],       // 70% semantic, 30% keyword
  k: 60
});

// Use in search
const search = new Search()
  .where(K("status").eq("published"))  // Optional filtering
  .rank(hybridRank)
  .limit(20)
  .select(K.DOCUMENT, K.SCORE, "title");

const results = await collection.search(search);

Edge Cases and Important Behavior#

Component Ranking Behavior#

Each Knn component in RRF operates on the documents that pass the filter. The number of results from each component is the minimum of its limit parameter and the number of filtered documents. RRF handles varying result counts gracefully - documents from any ranking are scored.

# Each Knn operates on filtered documents
# Results per Knn = min(limit, number of documents passing filter)
rrf = Rrf([
    Knn(query="quantum computing", return_rank=True, limit=100),
    Knn(query="quantum computing", key="sparse_embedding", return_rank=True, limit=100)
])

// Each Knn operates on filtered documents
// Results per Knn = min(limit, number of documents passing filter)
const rrf = Rrf({
  ranks: [
    Knn({ query: "quantum computing", returnRank: true, limit: 100 }),
    Knn({ query: "quantum computing", key: "sparse_embedding", returnRank: true, limit: 100 })
  ]
});

Minimum Requirements#

At least one ranking expression is required
All rankings must have return_rank=True
Weights (if provided) must match the number of rankings

Document Selection with RRF#

Documents must appear in at least one component ranking to be scored. To include documents that don’t appear in a specific Knn’s results, set the default parameter on that Knn:

# Without default: only documents in BOTH rankings are scored
rrf = Rrf([
    Knn(query="deep learning", return_rank=True, limit=100),
    Knn(query="deep learning", key="sparse_embedding", return_rank=True, limit=100)
])

# With default: documents in EITHER ranking can be scored
rrf = Rrf([
    Knn(query="deep learning", return_rank=True, limit=100, default=1000),
    Knn(query="deep learning", key="sparse_embedding", return_rank=True, limit=100, default=1000)
])
# Documents missing from one ranking get default rank of 1000

// Without default: only documents in BOTH rankings are scored
const rrf1 = Rrf({
  ranks: [
    Knn({ query: "deep learning", returnRank: true, limit: 100 }),
    Knn({ query: "deep learning", key: "sparse_embedding", returnRank: true, limit: 100 })
  ]
});

// With default: documents in EITHER ranking can be scored
const rrf2 = Rrf({
  ranks: [
    Knn({ query: "deep learning", returnRank: true, limit: 100, default: 1000 }),
    Knn({ query: "deep learning", key: "sparse_embedding", returnRank: true, limit: 100, default: 1000 })
  ]
});
// Documents missing from one ranking get default rank of 1000

RRF as a Convenience Wrapper#

Rrf is a convenience class that constructs the underlying ranking expression. You can manually build the same expression if needed:

# Using Rrf wrapper (recommended)
rrf = Rrf(
    ranks=[rank1, rank2],
    weights=[0.7, 0.3],
    k=60
)

# Manual construction (equivalent)
# RRF formula: -sum(weight_i / (k + rank_i))
manual_rrf = -0.7 / (60 + rank1) - 0.3 / (60 + rank2)

# Both produce the same ranking expression

// Using Rrf wrapper (recommended)
const rrf = Rrf({
  ranks: [rank1, rank2],
  weights: [0.7, 0.3],
  k: 60
});

// Manual construction (equivalent)
// RRF formula: -sum(weight_i / (k + rank_i))
const manualRrf = Val(-0.7).divide(Val(60).add(rank1))
  .subtract(Val(0.3).divide(Val(60).add(rank2)));

// Both produce the same ranking expression

Complete Example#

Here’s a practical example showing RRF with filtering and result processing:

from chromadb import Search, K, Knn, Rrf

# Create RRF ranking with text query
hybrid_rank = Rrf(
    ranks=[
        Knn(query="machine learning applications", return_rank=True, limit=300),
        Knn(query="machine learning applications", key="sparse_embedding", return_rank=True, limit=300)
    ],
    weights=[2.0, 1.0],  # Dense 2x more important
    k=60
)

# Build complete search
search = (Search()
    .where(
        (K("language") == "en") &
        (K("year") >= 2020)
    )
    .rank(hybrid_rank)
    .limit(10)
    .select(K.DOCUMENT, K.SCORE, "title", "year")
)

# Execute and process results
results = collection.search(search)
rows = results.rows()[0]  # Get first (and only) search results

for i, row in enumerate(rows, 1):
    print(f"{i}. {row['metadata']['title']} ({row['metadata']['year']})")
    print(f"   RRF Score: {row['score']:.4f}")
    print(f"   Preview: {row['document'][:100]}...")
    print()

import { Search, K, Knn, Rrf } from 'chromadb';

// Create RRF ranking with text query
const hybridRank = Rrf({
  ranks: [
    Knn({ query: "machine learning applications", returnRank: true, limit: 300 }),
    Knn({ query: "machine learning applications", key: "sparse_embedding", returnRank: true, limit: 300 })
  ],
  weights: [2.0, 1.0],  // Dense 2x more important
  k: 60
});

// Build complete search
const search = new Search()
  .where(
    K("language").eq("en")
      .and(K("year").gte(2020))
  )
  .rank(hybridRank)
  .limit(10)
  .select(K.DOCUMENT, K.SCORE, "title", "year");

// Execute and process results
const results = await collection.search(search);
const rows = results.rows()[0];  // Get first (and only) search results

for (const [i, row] of rows.entries()) {
  console.log(`${i+1}. ${row.metadata?.title} (${row.metadata?.year})`);
  console.log(`   RRF Score: ${row.score?.toFixed(4)}`);
  console.log(`   Preview: ${row.document?.substring(0, 100)}...`);
  console.log();
}

Example output:

1. Introduction to Neural Networks (2023)
   RRF Score: -0.0428
   Preview: Neural networks are computational models inspired by biological neural networks...

2. Deep Learning Fundamentals (2022)
   RRF Score: -0.0385
   Preview: This comprehensive guide covers the fundamental concepts of deep learning...

Tips and Best Practices#

Always use return_rank=True for all Knn expressions in RRF
Set appropriate limits on component Knn expressions (usually 100-500)
Consider the k parameter - default of 60 works well for most cases
Test different weights - start with equal weights, then tune based on results
Use default values in Knn if you want documents from partial matches

Next Steps#

Learn about batch operations for running multiple RRF searches
See practical examples of hybrid search in production
Explore ranking expressions for arithmetic combinations instead of RRF

Link last verified June 7, 2026. View original ↗

Source: Chroma Docs

Link last verified: 2026-03-04